Hello Matthias,
I haven't created navigation cells in scripts myself, but it looks like you're missing a couple of parts.
You've created a Text element, which is right, but there are many subtypes of Text element and they're not all hyperlinks, so EA won't treat your element as a hyperlink unless it's told to. The subtype for a navigation cell is 82, so just add diagramHyperlink.Subtype = 82 to your element creation.
Secondly, the Text element Alias just contains the name of the target diagram. That's not enough for EA to resolve the link when you click it. You also need to set the target DiagramID (integer, not GUID) in Element.MiscData(0).
If you look in the database, the columns to look at are t_object.NType and t_object.PDATA1.
If you want to set the symbol on the navigation cell, it looks like that's in StyleEx (both in the database and the API). StyleEx contains a semicolon-separated set of property=value pairs, but the actual properties and values are notoriously undocumented.
The property in this case is "NID". For the values you'll just have to create a navigation cell with an image you like and check what's in the database. I tested with the lightbulb from the WebEA image list, which came out NID=2-7; so presumably the first number is the image list and the second is the index in the list.
But as you've no doubt noticed, you can just leave this empty resulting in a navigation cell with the icon in the top-right corner but without a main image.
HTH,
/Uffe